Goitre

A goitre is any abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland. It may be smooth (diffuse), nodular, or both, and ranges from barely noticeable on examination to visibly prominent swellings in the lower neck.

Goitres can occur when the thyroid is overactive, underactive, or functioning normally (a 'simple' or non-toxic goitre). Worldwide, the most common cause is iodine deficiency, though this is uncommon in the UK where iodine is available from dairy and fish. The most common UK causes are autoimmune - Graves' disease tends to produce a smooth, diffuse goitre, while Hashimoto's typically causes a firm, sometimes rubbery, but usually diffuse enlargement. A genuinely irregular or lumpy gland should be assessed for nodules.

Small goitres often need no treatment. Larger ones, or those causing symptoms such as difficulty swallowing, breathing difficulty, or pressure in the neck, may need investigation and sometimes treatment. A goitre that grows or changes should always be assessed by a doctor.

If you notice a new lump or swelling in your neck, speak to your GP.