Thyroid ultrasound

Thyroid ultrasound uses high-frequency sound waves to create real-time images of the thyroid gland. It is painless, involves no radiation, and is widely available in NHS radiology departments.

A sonographer or radiologist applies a small handheld probe to the front of the neck over a layer of gel. The sound waves bounce off thyroid tissue and are converted into detailed images showing the size, shape, and internal structure of the gland.

Ultrasound can detect nodules as small as a few millimetres, assess whether they are solid or fluid-filled, measure their size, and identify features that may warrant further investigation (such as FNA biopsy). It can also detect an enlarged gland (goitre) and signs of inflammation.

Ultrasound alone cannot determine whether a nodule is benign or malignant - that requires biopsy or surgical pathology. It is used to guide FNA biopsies (ultrasound-guided FNA) to ensure accurate needle placement, and is also used for periodic monitoring of known nodules over time.